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The Fighter-Bomber in the Normandy Campaign: The Role of 83 Group Christopher Evans Wilfrid Laurier University This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canadian Military History by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. Download The Art of War by Sun Tzu in PDF or plain text to read on your mobile device, computer, or print.

Cover of Strategy & Tactics #65 that included Cobra as a pull-out game

Cobra: Game of the Normandy Breakout, originally titled Cobra: Patton's 1944 Summer offensive in France, is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1977 that simulates the 1944 breakout of Allied forces from Normandy following D-Day.

Contents[edit]

Following D-Day, German forces prevented an Allied breakthrough, pinning them in the Contentin Peninsula of Normandy for seven weeks. In July 1944, while British and Canadian forces engaged the majority of the German defenses at Caen in Operation Goodwood, the First United States Army under the command of Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, assisted by George S. Patton's Third United States Army, launched Operation Cobra against the remaining German forces in their sector, hoping to break out of the bocages of Normandy and into the open countryside of Brittany.

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Cobra is a game in that simulates the summer offensive.^[1] Despite only referencing Operation Cobra in its title, the game covers the entire Normandy struggle, both the American 'Operation Cobra', and the British/Canadian 'Operation Goodwood.' It can be played with two players (Germans versus Allies), or as a three-player game, with the American and British/Canadian forces divided between two players.^[2]

Components[edit]

The original SPI pull-out edition contains:

paper map, 22' x 32', scaled at 1 hex = 3.2 km (2 mi)
200 die cut double-sided cardboard counters
8-page rulebook

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The flat-pack version (1977) added a plastic counter tray, clear plastic cover, a small six-sided die, and a cover graphic sheet.

The TSR edition added the D-Day invasion of 6 June 1944 to the game, requiring another 200 counters, a 16-page rulebook, and a map of the D-Day invasion.

Gameplay[edit]

The rules are based on the system used in SPI's Panzergruppe Guderian wargame released the previous year, with one important difference: there are no 'untried' units in the game — all combats strengths of every unit are known to both players. The game is broken into game turns that each represent 3 days of real time, with the German player going first, and then the Allied player.

German player:

German Weather Determination Phase
Replacement Phase
Initial Movement Phase
Combat Phase
Mechanized Movement Phase

Allied player:

Allied Weather Determination Phase
Supply Phase
Replacement Phase
Initial Movement Phase
Combat Phase
Mechanized Movement Phase

Victory conditions[edit]

Both players receive victory points for completely destroying enemy units. In addition, the Allied player receives victory points for each mechanized unit that exits off of the western edge of the map before Turn 7, and the German player receives points for both exiting units off the eastern edge of the map, and for maintaining supplied mechanized units that are east of Falaise and are either out of Allied zones of control or are disengagable. The game ends at the end of Turn 13 — the player with the most victory points is the winner.

Publication history[edit]

Cobra: Patton's 1944 Summer offensive in France was designed by Brad Hessel, with artwork and graphics by Redmond A. Simonsen, and was published by SPI as a pull-out game in Issue 65 of Strategy & Tactics. It was also released in a 'flatpack' game box in 1977, and issued in a 'bookcase' box in 1978.

After TSR took over SPI in 1982, they attempted to get a quick return on their money by releasing several SPI games that had been waiting for publication such as Battle Over Britain, and by re-publishing new editions of several popular but out-of-print SPI titles such as Napoleon's Last Battles and a revised and expanded edition of Cobra, retitled Cobra: Game of the Normandy Breakout.

In the 21st century, Decision Games acquired the rights to Cobra and published a revised 3rd edition in 2008 retitled Cobra: The Normandy Campaign as a pull-out game in Issue 251 of Strategy & Tactics. A Japanese-language version of the 3rd edition was published in Command Magazine Japan #106 in 2012. Decision released a boxed version of the 3rd edition in 2019.^[3]

Reception[edit]

In Issue 36 of Moves, David Werden reviewed the original SPI edition and liked the large-scale map of the Falaise Pocket, noting that 'this game portrays an encirclement in detail on an entire map instead of in just a few hexes as in most games.'^[4]

In Issue 44 of Moves, Thomas W. Graveline listed the good points of SPI's edition, saying 'The richness of the terrain, the disengagement provisions, the uncertain weather conditions plus the availability of a separate army for each of three players gives this conflict a fullness which transcends even Panzergruppe Guderian.'^[2]

In Issue 29 of Imagine, Roger Musson reviewed the 2nd edition of the game published by TSR, and even though he thought SPI's first edition had been 'one of the better WWII operational games', he believed TSR's 2nd edition was even better with the expansion of the game to include D-Day operations. Musson thought the game's strengths were that it was 'evenly balanced, and thus a good competitive challenge.' He concluded with a strong recommendation, saying, 'to my mind this is the best playable game on the Normandy campaign — it plays quickly and smoothly, and is very enjoyable. A most welcome re-issue.'^[1]

Awards[edit]

At the 2009 Origins Awards, the 3rd edition Cobra: The Normandy Campaign published by Decision Games was a finalist for 'Best Magazine-Published Boardgame of 2008.'

Other reviews[edit]

Moves #36
Fire & Movement #10, #19 & #65
Wargamer's Collector's Journal #6
Simulacrum #9
Simulations Canada #16
Wargame News #33

References[edit]

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^ ^a^bMusson, Roger (August 1985). 'Game Reviews'. Imagine (review). No. 29. TSR Hobbies (UK), Ltd. p. 40.
^ ^a^bGraveline, Thomas W. (April–May 1979). 'Free the Panthers: Early Disposition of Axis Units in Cobbra'. Moves. No. 44. pp. 16–17.
^'Cobra: Game of the Normandy Breakout (1977)'. boardgamegeek.com. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
^Werden, David (January 1978). 'Cobra: Encircle and Destroy'. Moves. No. 36. pp. 4–16.

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